Terms+on+Mussolini's+Rise+to+Power

__ TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH ITALY, MUSSOLINI AND FASCISM __ __ Identify who the individual is and his significance __ __ Identify the term and its importance in context to Mussolini’s rise to power __ Also add the significance of the following dates: 1861 – The Unification of Italy 1917 – The Russian Revolution takes place where it replaced the provisional government with a Bolshevik (Communist) government AND THUS LED TO RISE OF COMMUNISM IN COUNTRIES LIKE ITALY 1914 – World War I takes place after the assassination of the Archduke of the Austrian – Hungarian Empire AND LED TO TERRIBLE CRISIS FOR ITALY 1919 - The Italian General Election takes place where the Fascists won only 35 seats and the Treaty of Versailles took place WHICH HAS BEEN CALLED THE MUTILATED PEACE 1922 – March of Rome takes place when Mussolini and the “blackshirts” marched to Rome AND TRIED TO SEIZE POWER 1945 – Mussolini, his mistress, and the party leaders of the Italian Social Republic were captured the by the Communist Partisans and summarily executed on the 28th of April. GIOLITTI – Italian Statesman, Prime Minister since 1892-1921.He first supported Mussolini’s Fascism in 1922 but withdrew support in 1924 and remained in favor of the Parliament until his death in 1928. CAVOUR – Leading figure of Italian Unification, Founder of Italian Liberal party. DE GRAND – (Who is he and provide a quote from him)  THERE ARE QUOTES IN LEE FACTA – Italian politician, Journalist and last Prime Minister of Italy before Mussolini became Prime Minister D’ANNUNZIO – Italian poet, Journalist and Novelist. He is controversial due to his influence on the Italian Fascist movement and his status as the alleged forerunner of Benito Mussolini. GRAMSCI – Italian philosopher, writer and politician. He was a founding member and onetime leader of the Communist Party of Italy; he was imprisoned by Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime. He is notable as a highly original thinker within the Marxist tradition. BALBO – Governor General of Libya, Commander-in-Chief of Italian North Africa, and the apparent heir to Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. VICTOR EMMANUEL – King of Italy who succeeded his father Victor Emmanuel II; he had been a supporter of Mussolini’s Fascism and he had seen it’s birth until it’s downfall. MACK SMITH (who is he and provide a quote from him) - Fellow of the British Academy and Wolfson College, Oxford, and a foreign member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He wrote the book “Modern Italy” and has been awarded a dozen literary prizes in Italy and is a Commendatore of the Italian Order of Merit. Among his recent books are Italy and Its Monarchy (1989) and Mazzini (1994). DE FELICE – (who is he and provide a quote from him) - Italian historian, who specialized in the Fascist era. TRASFORMISMO – method of making a flexible, centrist coalition of government, which isolated the extremes of the left and the right in Italian politics after the unification MASS PARTICIPATION – Participation of a majority of people in a event of some sort like the “March of Rome” PPI (Partito Popolare Italiano) – Christian Democratic Party in Italy founded by Luigi Sturzo PSI (Partito Socialista Italiano) – Marxist socialist and later social-democratic political party in Italy founded in Genoa in 1892. Once the dominant leftist party in Italy, it was eclipsed in status by the Italian Communist Party following World War II. AVANTI AND II POPOLO D’ITALIA– Italian newspaper founded by Benito Mussolini on November 15, 1914, as a result of his split with the Italian Socialist Party, Il Popolo d'Italia ran until July 24, 1943 and became the foundation for the Fascist movement in Italy after World War I. The paper, advocating militarism and irredentism, was subsidized by the French and industrialists on the pretext of influencing Italy to join the Entente Powers. SYNDICALISM – Type of economic system proposed as a replacement for capitalism and state socialism, which uses federations of collectivized trade unions. MUTILATED PEACE – VERSAILLES TREATY BECAUSE OF THE LAND NOT GIVEN TO ITALY CARABINIERI – The national gendarmerie (uniformed national police) of Italy, policing both the military and civilian populations. FIUME – An independent free state which existed between 1920 and 1924, which has been annexed by Fascist Italy in 1924. MARCH ON ROME – A march by which Italian dictator Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party came to power in the Kingdom of Italy. The march took place from October 27 to October 29, 1922. RAS – LOCAL FASCIST BRANCHES FASCIO DI COMBATTIMENTO – An Italian "fascio" organization, created by Mussolini in 1919. After World War I had ended, he reconstituted the Milan fascio, renaming it Fasci italiani di combattimento. In 1921, this fascio would be transformed into the Italian Partito Nazionale Fascista DISPLACED MASSES – MIDDLE CLASSES FASCES – meaning bundle; symbolize summary power and jurisdiction, and/or "strength through unity". Long Term Causes (before 1914) - “Trasformiso” *It had been a big significance in influencing Mussolini to come to power because it was a big factor of failing politics in Italy, which gave way to the support of more people to Mussolini’s Fascism. (Kept power for only a few) - Failing political traditions (too vague) - Economic Crisis (too vague) Short Term Causes (during 1914-1920) - D’ Annunzio lay siege on Fiume *If it hadn’t been for D’Annunzio, Mussolini wouldn’t have decided to recreate D’Annunzio’s tactics to be applied in his methods that we used in gaining power in Italy. - World War I *World War I had caused a lot of chaotic problems in Italy affecting the middle-class people, which led to the support for Mussolini. - Emergence of Fascism Movement *Ideology used by Mussolini, which was influenced by Syndicalism and extreme right-wing ideology. (But syndicalism had been around before 1914) - Organization of “ras” and “Fascio di Combattimento” *These are the people that carry out the orders of Mussolini and had participated in “March of Rome”, which had helped Mussolini’s gain of the position of PM. - Support of the Middle Class to Fascism (Alienation of Peasants by the Socialist Party) - Il Popolo d’ Italia was organized by Mussolini as a propaganda weapon - Immediate Causes (during 1921-1922) - March on Rome (King Victor’s support to Mussolini) *The immediate cause that led to Mussolini’s appointment as Prime Minister of Italy replacing Facta, which had led to him in becoming Italy’s first and probably only Fascist Dictator. This is fine. Just check comments