Totalitarianism

John, your chart is good but you have not included some of what you have written in the chart in the write up below. If you do this, I will re mark your paper. Examine whether there were more successes for Mussolini or Italian people.
 * || Success || No Success || Success || No Success || Change ||
 * || Mussolini || Mussolini || Italian People || Italian People ||  ||
 * Consolidation || Mussolini had replaced government officials with mostly Fascists who were ignorant of politics and he took advantage of it and had maintained control and had the Acerbo Law reinforce his influence in the number of seats in the Chamber and had success in eliminating all of rival politicians and parties and he had passed the Rocco Law to further lockout all political rivals (good) || The Matteoti Crisis had caused the way for Mussolini to reveal his intentions of ruling over Italy as a dictatorship and had distained his regime and he had never attained the same progress for the economy he had done for Italy during his rule in 1922-1925 || Unemployment fell from half a million to just under 100,000 and small businessmen and professional classes went to a rapid progress and Italians had seen Fascism equaled in prosperity || The passing of Rocco Law of 1926 had been a major factor in getting rid of freedom of the people and they had no choice in their working conditions and payment as Mussolini had gained total control of the economy || The Matteoti Crisis had triggered the change of government to a dictatorship by Mussolini after the Acerbo Law and Mussolini’s private army of 300,000 soldiers had helped him gain his position as Il Duce of Italy for the next seventeen years ||
 * Economy || Mussolini had gained initial success in the “Battle for Land” after acquiring more farmlands and had initial success as well in “Battle for Grain” because he had increased the production of rice and Autarky had slightly improved the increase of consumption of national products || Mussolini had only small success in “Battle for Births as the main causes of the population increase was not his program but rather the foreign policies of America on migrants and “Battle for Lira” had completely failed as inflation increased and Lira had drastically devalued || Italian people had more jobs in agricultural terms with the support of the “Battle for Grain” and “Battle for Lands” had acquired hundreds of acres of farmlands and motorways were constructed to connect major Italian cities || Italian people had suffered throughout the regime of Mussolini in terms of economic policies because of the failure of “Battle for Lira”, which deflated the value of Lira and had caused massive inflation and drastically increased prices, unemployment rose and wages were decreased in a large scale || Since Mussolini had become a dictator himself in 1926, the Italian economic policies he had been passing had only small successes and most where failed plans in improving the economy and had only caused more national issues to become more complicated and even made more problems than ever for the whole country ||
 * Education/Arts || Mussolini had achieved control to a certain degree of a few film studios to promote Fascism and had only Avanti! as the only official Fascist paper and illiteracy dropped to 30% from 48.5%. || Mussolini had never been successful in making girls to produce more children for the country directly and he had never fully controlled of all film studios around the country. || Illiteracy had dramatically decreased, government did not control majority of cinemas and people have more freedom compared to Hitler’s Germany and Stalin’s Russia. || Italian youth was forced to learn Fascism at such early years through Figli della Lupa and girls at a young age were introduced to having children as a normal situation for them || In the field of education, illiteracy had been at its lowest point since the Fascists took over control of the government and in the arts, freedom of the arts was much more exercised compared to Germany and Russia before ||
 * Church || Mussolini had gained initial success in the first few years after the Lateran Accords of 1929 as Mussolini had gained support and approval of the Church and thus had paved way for him to focus on more concerning national issues and had successfully established a uneasy yet significant relationship between State and Church || Mussolini had failed in the later years as both Church and State have their arguments over the issue of what curriculum must be implemented and the passing of Racial Law of 1938 and Ethopian conquest had made the uneasy situation make a dramatical turn of events as the Church had the support of the FUCI and Mouvimento Laurienti and thus making the Church almost into a threat to the government || The Church and Italian people had Vatican as a separate state and thus returning the secular power of the church over the nation and that Catholicism had been supported a lot by the government to make policies on, which consists 99% of the population || The Church had no failures as the Church had gained more than what was expected of and the Church had even become a threat to Mussolini’s government and had played a major role in the gradual decrease of popularity of Mussolini and his government but the Italian people were constrained later on by the policies especially the youth || State and Church had never have this kind of relationship in Italy and had become a major factor in the aspect of Mussolini gaining support in the early 30’s and losing popularity from the Church in the late 30’s, which had been the main reasons to Mussolini’s downfall ||
 * Women/Family || Mussolini had some success in implementing policies and laws on limiting women rights, youth programs, and children rights || Mussolini had lost more of his popularity as these policies he had passed had caused more problems to the lower classes and to some middle classes, which had caused further destabilization for the situation of the country itself that led to his downfall || Italian people only had initial success especially only to men being seen as breadwinners and the youth had been sent to schools to cut illiteracy rate || Italian people didn’t gain much in prospect to women rights and policies on family like women are forced to leave work force once they gave birth or are married and the youth were forced to learn about Fascism in schools and there was gender discrimination that was widely seen in Mussolini’s policies || Italy’s policies on judging women as not competent in working with the same level as men had caused more problems to women’s rights and men had only more access to rights and illiteracy rate had decreased as the youth were made to attend school and the economy had enjoyed some initial success in implementing these policies although it didn’t last long ||

In prospect to the four areas of the policies, Mussolini had rather gained more successes compared to the Italian people. Specifically, Mussolini had a great deal of success in his early years as Prime Minister of the country alongside with the Italian people. These policies have also made major changes in the stature of Mussolini’s government and the Church on policies on religion, the government and the youth on educational policies, the government and the Italian people in general on economic policies, the government and its political parties on consolidation of power policies and the government and women on women’s rights. In terms of initial success, Mussolini had gained the upper hand as to the effect of the policies on its early years but in progression, the policies had its negative effects occur. One strong example is the policies on religion. In the first few years of the Lateran Accords, Mussolini and the Church had established an uneasy but strong relationship with each other. But as the issue of education curriculum implementation had risen, the Church’s secular power, which consists 99% of Italians, became more formidable and the influence of the government has weakened, it became more apparent that these policies passed by Mussolini seem to only have positive short-term results and has more negative results that come up.

How much change did Mussolini bring to Italy?

In reality, Mussolini had brought a lot of major and minor changes throughout his regime over Italy since 1922-1943. Mussolini had brought major changes in more concern on religion, economic, education/arts, consolidation of power and women/family rights. In regard to policies on religion, the government has intended to gain the support of the Church by returning its sovereignty as an independent state from Italy so that the government can focus more on different national issues. In regards to education and arts, Mussolini had brought major change in decreasing illiteracy rate and has only controlled only a limited number of cinemas to promote Fascism, which has given the Italian people a bit of freedom unlike Hitler’s Germany and Stalin’s Soviet Union. In terms of women and family rights, Mussolini had leaned on more of women only as household wives who bore children for Italy to populate more and become a less significant factor in the labor work force. In terms of consolidation of power, Mussolini had succeeded in eliminating all rival political parties and has successfully attained full authority to become a dictator and to be named as “Il Duce”, which means “The Leader”. Mussolini had become most successful in this area as he had enforced his policies on a more massive scale that to compare to the other areas. Overall, Mussolini did bring change to Italy in an extent of introducing Fascism as a unsuccessful ploy in general as a long-lasting government rather it is seen as a more of a successful government only on its early years. It also shows that changes in Italy brought by Mussolini to Italy vary from minor changes to major and important changes throughout his regime that had changed the course of Italian history.